APOLOGY FOR ABC, ALPHABET OR ABC
The history of the alphabet, alphabets or abc began in ancient Egypt. Around 2700 BC, Egyptian writing in that time there was a group of some 24 hieroglyphs uniliterales are called to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, and a vocal (or vocal) to be supplied by the native speaker. These glyphs were used as pronunciation guides logograms, to write grammatical inflections, and later to transcribe loan words and foreign names.
However, although seemingly alphabetic in nature uniliterales characters original Egyptians, were not an alphabetic system, and were never used by themselves to encode Egyptian speech or as a means of translating your communication in writing.
In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently "alphabetic system" known as proto-Sinaitic script, believed by some that was developed in the Sinai Peninsula during the nineteenth century BC by the Cananea workers in the mines of turquoise Egyptian . Others suggest that the alphabet, alphabet or ABC, was developed in central Egypt in the fifteenth century BC by Semitic or workers, but only one of these early writings has been deciphered and their exact nature remains open to interpretation and subject of debate. On the basis of appearances letters and names, is believed to be based on an ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic alphabet, ABC or abc for some for others simply a set of logograms that fail to be a complete alphabet, in the opinion of some knowledgeable.
These writings were not characters that represent the vowels. An alphabetical list of cuneiform signs with 30, including 3 that indicate the following vowel was then invented in Ugarit before the fifteenth century BC. This type of writing or a kind of alphabet, alphabet or ABC, was not used after the destruction of Ugarit.
The script Proto-Sinaitic eventually became the alphabet, Phoenician alphabet or ABC in 1050 BC, the alphabet is conventionally called "alphabet, abc alphabet or proto-Canaanite." The earliest Phoenician writing is an inscription on the sarcophagus of King Ahiram. This script is a set of inscriptions from the parents of all Western alphabets. In the tenth century, two forms can be distinguished namely, Canaanite and Aramaic. The alphabet, abc alphabet or Aramaic, somehow led to the alphabet, Hebrew alphabet or abc. South Arabia can say that is a sister of the alphabet, Phoenician alphabet and abc is the script of the Ge'ez alphabet (A abugida) is a descendant.
Note that the script above may not be considered complete alphabets as such, since all the characters lack of representation of vowels. These alphabet, ABC or abc vowelless called abjads. Today is exemplified in the script including the alphabet, abc alphabet or Arabic, the alphabet, Hebrew alphabet or abc, and the alphabet, abc alphabet or Syriac. The omission of vowels was not a satisfactory solution and some consonants "weak" are used to indicate the vocal quality of a syllable. (Matres lectionis). These have a dual role as consonants were also used as pure.
The proto-Protougaríticaabc Sinatic or writing with a limited number of signs, in contrast to other writing systems used at the time, Cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphics, and Linear B. The Phoenician script was probably the first phonemic script and contained only about two dozen different cards, so it is a fairly simple script for stock traders and thus facilitate the process of amprendizaje and dissemination of the same between them . Another advantage of the alphabet, Phoenician alphabet and abc was that it could be used to write in several languages, as it recorded the words phonetically.
Writing, alphabet, alphabet or ABC, was broadcast by the Phoenicians, through the Mediterranean. In Greece, the alphabet, alphabet or ABC, was amended to add the vowels, giving rise to the ancestor of all Western alphabets. The indication of the vowels is the same way as an indication of the consonants, so that was the first true alphabet, ABC or abc. The Greeks took letters that represent sounds that existed in Greek, and changed to represent vowels. The vowels are important in the Greek language, and Linear B syllabical of writing that was used by the Mycenaean Greeks from the sixteenth century BC, had 87 symbols, including 5 vowels. In its early years, there were many variants of the alphabet, Greek alphabet or ABC, a situation that led many alphabets, alphabet or ABC, will evolve differently ..
Alphabets, alphabets or European abc
The form of Cumae Alphabet, Greek alphabet or ABC was led by Greek colonists from Euboea the Italian peninsula, which gave rise to a variety of Alphabet, or abc alphabets used to inscribe Italic languages. One of them became the alphabet, Latin alphabet and abc the most important of them and spread throughout Europe, the Romans expanded their empire largely thanks to the Latin talked and wrote much of Europe. Even after the fall of the Roman Empire survived in the alphabet, abc alphabet or Latino and thus did also important religious and intellectual works. Over time the different European regions became accustomed to the languages descended from Latin (the famous Romance languages) and then for most other European languages.
Another alphabet, abc alphabet or Futhark notable was the Mayor, it is believed that one evolved from the ancient Italic alphabets. The old alphabet, abc alphabet or Futhark gave rise to a variety of alphabet, abc alphabet or collectively known as the alphabet, Runic alphabet or abc. Alphabets, runic alphabet or ABC were used for the Germanic languages in the late Middle Ages. The use of these scripts, alphabets or abc, was restricted mostly to use on stone carvings and jewelry, although inscriptions have also been found in bone and wood. These alphabets, abc alphabet or have been replaced by the alphabet, abc alphabet or Latino, or Latin, except for decorative use: As wedding bands, engagement rings, lockets, chains, pendants, earrings, emblems, badges, locks etc. in which case it remained the use of runes into the twentieth century.
The alphabet, Glagolitic alphabet or ABC was the alphabet, alphabet or initial abc ancient liturgical Slavic language, which became with the uncial Greek writing on the basis of the alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet or abc. The alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet or ABC is one of the alphabet, abc alphabet or most widely used modern, and is notable for its use in Slavic languages and also for use in other languages within the former Soviet Union. Variants of the use of this script include places like Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria Russia. The Glagolitic alphabet is believed to have been created by Saints Cyril and Methodius, while the alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet and abc was invented by the Bulgarian scholar Clement of Ohrid, who was his disciple. They have many cards that appear to have been taken or influenced by the alphabet, Greek alphabet or the alphabet abc, abc alphabet or Hebrew.
Alphabets, alphabets or Asian abc
Beyond China logography or writing many scripts, alphabets or abc Asians are more phonetic. The alphabet, abc alphabet or Arabic, the alphabet, Hebrew alphabet or abc, alphabet, abc alphabet or Syriac, and other Middle Eastern abjads are the evolution of the alphabet, abc alphabet or Aramaic. Most alphabetic scripts in India and East Asia are descendants of the Brahmi script, which often is thought to be a descendant of the alphabet, abc alphabet or Aramaic.
In Korea, the alphabet, abc alphabet or Hangul, was created by Sejong the Great in 1443. The understanding of the phonetic alphabet in Mongolia, the alphabet, ABC or abc Phagspa helped the creation of a phonetic writing suitable for the Korean language spoken. In Mongolia the alphabet, ABC or abc Phagspa was in turn derived from the Brahmi script. Hangul is a unique alphabet in a variety of ways: It is a featural script, where many of the cards have been designed from the sound of a place of articulation (P to resemble the mouth was enlarged to resemble Sound L lying on the language, etc), its design was planned by the government of the time, and place it in individual letters in groups of syllables with the same dimensions, just
as Chinese characters, to allow a mixed script writing. (One syllable always takes a kind of space, no matter how many cards stacked used in the construction of a sound block).
as Chinese characters, to allow a mixed script writing. (One syllable always takes a kind of space, no matter how many cards stacked used in the construction of a sound block).
Zhuyin (sometimes called Bopomofo) is a semi-syllabary used to transcribe phonetic alphabet, abc alphabet or Mandarin Chinese in the Republic of China. After the subsequent establishment of the People's Republic of China and the adoption of Hanyu Pinyin. Today the use of semi-syllabary Zhuyin is limited, but is still widely used in Taiwan, the Republic of China still rules.
Zhuyin developed from a form of Chinese shorthand based on Chinese characters in 1900 and has elements both of an alphabet, abc and alphabet or a syllabary. As an alphabet, ABC or abc, the initial phonemes of the syllable are represented by individual symbols, as a primer, the phonemes of the final syllable are not such, but every end is possible (with the exception of the average plan) is represented by its own symbol. For example explains: Luan is represented as ㄌ ㄨ ㄢ (lu-an), where the last symbol ㄢ represents all the final-a. Zhuyin While not used as a conventional writing system, it is still often used in a similar way to a romanization system, that is, to assist in pronunciation as an input method for Chinese characters in computers and cell phones.
Alphabets, abc alphabet or Europeans, especially the alphabet, Latin alphabet or abc and alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet or ABC, have adapted to many languages of Asia. The alphabet, abc alphabet or Arabic is also widely used, sometimes as a abjad (as in Urdu and Persian) and sometimes as an alphabet, abc alphabet or full (as Kurds and Uighurs).
Types of scripts, alphabets and abc in the world
The term "alphabet" is used by linguists and paleographers in general. In the broadest sense, the alphabet, alphabet or ABC, is a script that is segmented by phonemes and thus produce independent glyphs paragraph with individual sounds.
In the strictest sense, some scholars distinguish what they regard as a true alphabet abc abecedaro or, in other two types of scripts and abugidas abjads segmented. These three differ in the way they treat vowels as well: peer abjads have letters, consonants and vowels leave the highest court of the unspoken. Abugidas also consistent occurs against, but vowels are indicated with diacritics or a systematic change graphics and consonants.
In some scripts, or abc alphabet, consonants and vowels are written as single letters. The first known alphabet, here is the alphabet, alphabet, abc or Wadi el-Hol script. The Abjad, is through its successor Phoenician ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic alphabet, the Greek alphabet, the alphabet American (via the Old Italic alphabet), Cyrillic (via the Greek alphabet) and Hebrew (A via Aramaic).
Examples abjads Day present yet, are Arabic and Hebrew are nothing more than script, considered true alphabets include: Latin, Cyrillic, and Korean are hanguly abugidas used to write Tigrinya Amharic, Hindi, and Thai. Aboriginal Canadians are also a abugida syllabic rather than a syllabary as their name implies, as each glyph represents a consonant which is modified by rotation to represent the following vowel. (In a true syllabary, each consonant-vowel combination would be represented by a separate glyph.)
The three types can be augmented with syllabic glyphs. Ugaritic, for example, is basically a abjad, but has syllabic letters for / ʔa, ʔi, ʔu /. (These are the members listed only once.) Cyrillic alphabet is basically true, but it is syllabic letters / ja, je, ju / (я, е, ю) is a Coptic letter / ti /. abugida Devanagari is typically increased, with lyrics dedicated to the vowels, though some traditions use consonant अ as zero based graphics such vowels.
The boundaries between the three types of segmental scripts are not always clear. For example, Sorani Kurdish is written in the Arabic alphabet, which is usually a abjad. However, in Kurdish, the vocal writing is mandatory, and the complete lyrics are used, so that writing is a veritable alphabet. Other languages may use a Semitic abjad with mandatory vowel diacritics, effectively abugidas. On the other hand, the script of the Mongol Empire Phagspa is based closely on the Tibetan abugida, but all brands of vowels were written after the consonant that precedes it and not as diacritics.
Although short, one was not written, as in the Indian abugida, one could argue that the linear arrangement has made this a true alphabet. On the contrary, the marks of a member of the abugida abugida Tigrinya and Amharic (ironically, the original source of the term "abugida") have been so thoroughly assimilated into their consonants that the modifications are not systematic and must be learned as a primer in rather than as a segmental script. Even more extreme, the Pahlavi abjad eventually became logographic.
Although short, one was not written, as in the Indian abugida, one could argue that the linear arrangement has made this a true alphabet. On the contrary, the marks of a member of the abugida abugida Tigrinya and Amharic (ironically, the original source of the term "abugida") have been so thoroughly assimilated into their consonants that the modifications are not systematic and must be learned as a primer in rather than as a segmental script. Even more extreme, the Pahlavi abjad eventually became logographic.
Thus, the main classification of alphabets reflects how they treat vowels. For tonal languages, the classification can be based on his treatment of tone, although the names do not yet exist to distinguish different types. Some alphabets disregard completely tone, especially when carrying a heavy load is not functional, as in Somalia and many other languages of Africa and the Americas. These scripts are in tune with what abjads are vowels. Generally, tones are indicated with diacritics, vowels are treated abugidas. This is the case of Viet Nam (a true alphabet) and Thailand (a abugida).
In Thailand, the tone is mainly determined by the choice of consonant, with diacritics for disambiguation. In the Pollard script, an abugida, vowels are indicated with diacritics, but the placement of the diacritic relative to the consonant is modified to indicate the tone. More rarely, a script may have separate letters for tones, as in the case of the Hmong and Zhuang. For most of these scripts, regardless of whether letters or diacritics are used, the most common tone is not marked, as the most common vowel is not marked in Indian abugidas in Zhuyin not only one dial-tone, but there is a diacritic to indicate the lack of tone, as the Indian virama.
In Thailand, the tone is mainly determined by the choice of consonant, with diacritics for disambiguation. In the Pollard script, an abugida, vowels are indicated with diacritics, but the placement of the diacritic relative to the consonant is modified to indicate the tone. More rarely, a script may have separate letters for tones, as in the case of the Hmong and Zhuang. For most of these scripts, regardless of whether letters or diacritics are used, the most common tone is not marked, as the most common vowel is not marked in Indian abugidas in Zhuyin not only one dial-tone, but there is a diacritic to indicate the lack of tone, as the Indian virama.
The number of letters in an alphabet can be very small. The Book Pahlavi script, a abjad, had only twelve letters at a given time, and may have had even less later. Today, only twelve Rotokas alphabet letters. (The Hawaiian alphabet is sometimes claimed to be so small, but actually consists of 18 cards, including okina and five long vowels.) Rotokas While having a small alphabet because it has few phonemes to represent (only once), book Pahlavi was small because many letters had been merged - ie, the visual that was lost over time, and diacritics were not developed to compensate for this as they were in Arabic, another script that lost many of their ways the different letters.
For example, a comma-shaped letter represented G, D, Y, K, or j. However, this seemingly perverse simplification can make a more complicated script. In later Pahlavi papyri, half of the graph remaining differences of these twelve letters were lost, and the script could not be read as a sequence of letters at all, but every word had to learn a whole - that is, that had become logograms as in Egyptian Demotic.
For example, a comma-shaped letter represented G, D, Y, K, or j. However, this seemingly perverse simplification can make a more complicated script. In later Pahlavi papyri, half of the graph remaining differences of these twelve letters were lost, and the script could not be read as a sequence of letters at all, but every word had to learn a whole - that is, that had become logograms as in Egyptian Demotic.
The largest segmental script is probably a abugida, Devanagari. When written in Devanagari, Vedic Sanskrit has an alphabet of 53 letters, including visarga mark for the ultimate aspiration and special cards and JN ks, although one of the letters is theoretical and not actually used. The Hindi alphabet must represent both Sanskrit and modern vocabulary, and this has been extended to 58 with khutma letters (letters with a dot added) to represent sounds from Persian and English.
Most abjad known is Sindhi, with 51 letters. The largest alphabets in the narrow sense are Kabardian and Abkhaz (for Cyrillic), with 58 and 56 letters, respectively, and Slovakia (from Latin), with 46. However, these scripts either count di-and tri-graphs as separate letters, as Spanish did with ch and ll until recently, or uses diacritics like Slovak č. The largest true alphabet where each card is a freelance graphic is probably Georgia, with 41 letters.
Primers typically contain 50 to 400 glyphs (though the Mura-Pirahã language of Brazil require only 24 if not denote tone and Rotokas it takes only 30), and the glyphs of logographic systems typically the result of hundreds of thousands. Thus, a simple count of the number of different symbols is an important clue to the nature of an unknown script.
Alphabetically
It is not always clear what constitutes a different alphabet.
French alphabet
Uses the same basic English alphabet, but many of the letters can carry additional marks, such as E, A and O. In French, these combinations are not considered additional letters. However, in Iceland, accented letters, such as a, i, o and are considered different letters of the alphabet. In Spanish, ñ is considered a separate letter, but the accented vowels like A and E are not. The ll and ch are also considered individual letters, but in 1994 the Royal Spanish Academy of Language has changed the classification for which I is between LK and LM in the dictionary and ch is between CG and CI.
In German, the words that begin with SCH-(which is the German phoneme / ʃ /) are sandwiched between the words with initial SCA-and science (all loans by the way) instead of this group of charts that follow the letter s, as if it were a single letter - a policy that would lexicographical rigor in a dictionary of Albania, namely:-dh, gj-,-ll, rr-, th-, XH-and-zh (all single letters represent phonemes and is considered separately) would follow the letters d, g, l, n, r, t, xyz, respectively. Neither is a dictionary of English, the initial section lexicon TH-booked a place after the letter t, but is inserted between you-and-ti. German words with umlauts are in alphabetical order as if there were an umlaut at all - against Turkey who allegedly approved the Swedish graphemes ö and ü, in a word like Tufek, "weapon", would come after Tuz, " sal "in the dictionary.
Danish and Norwegian alphabets with æ end - or -, while the Swedes and Finns conventionally placed at - at - or at the end.
Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet are supplemented by bonds, such as æ in Old English and Icelandic and ȣ in Algonquin, by loans from other alphabets, such as the thorn þ in Old English and Icelandic, which came from the Futhark runes, and changed of the existing letters, such as ETH ð of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified version of d. Other alphabets, using a subset of Latin characters, such as Hawaii, and Italian, which uses the letters j, k, x, YYW only in foreign words.
It is unknown if the first alphabets had a definite sequence. Some alphabets today, as the script Hanuno'o are learned one letter at a time, with no particular order, and are not used for comparison in a defined order. However, a dozen of Ugaritic tablets from the fourteenth century BC preserves the alphabet in two sequences. One, the ABCDE to be later used in Phoenician, has continued with minor changes in Hebrew, Greek, Armenian, Gothic, Latin cirílicoy, and the other HMĦLQ, was used in southern Arabia and Ethiopia remains today. Both orders have therefore been stable for at least 3000 years.
The historical order was abandoned in Runes and Arabic, but retains the traditional Arabic numbers "to abjadi."
Brahma's family of alphabets used in India has a unique order based on phonology: The letters are arranged according to how and where occurring in the mouth. This organization is used in Southeast Asia, Tibet, Korean Hangul, and even Japanese kana, which is not an alphabet.
The names of the Phoenician letters, in which each letter is associated with a word that starts with that sound, they are still used in Samaritan, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew and Greek. However, they were abandoned in Arabic, Cyrillic and Latin with the passage of time.
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